Abstract
With recent technology advancements mobility support is one of the major needed parameters by any wireless or mobile networks. Continuous mobile movement from one cell to another or from one network to another requires continuous mobility support. Previously, tunneling protocols employment was the technique to support UE’s inter or intra network mobility. More specifically, GRE, GTP, MIPv6 or PMIPv6 were employed for mobility support. In tunneling encapsulation of one protocol over another protocol is performed to deliver IP packet during inter network or intra network handover. In terms of usage scenario of each tunneling protocol, tunnel establishment, data transfer and tunnel release, an overview and comparison of tunneling protocols is presented in this paper. 3GPP and WLAN interworking, and GAN based usage scenarios and supported tunneling mechanisms has been discussed. Some insights regarding security, multiplexing, multiprotocol and packet sequencing support are also provided for each tunneling protocol.
Highlights
With the recent advancements in wireless and mobile networks there is need of mechanisms that can support coexistence of multiple radio access technologies
As we can see in upper part of the figure 2G network components that will be needed for Voice Call Continuity (VCC) which provides support for anchoring circuit switched voice call in IP infrastructure by transferring speech path between these two domains transparently to end user [1, 2]
Tunnel is needed when VCC supported UE moves from 3G/4G network to 2G network signaling messages between MME and Interworking solution Function for 3GPP2 1xCS (1xCS IWS) are transferred using S102 Tunnel. Another tunnel named IP Security (IPSec) is being used in Generic Access Network (GAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) between UE to GAN Controller and ePDG network components respectively
Summary
With the recent advancements in wireless and mobile networks there is need of mechanisms that can support coexistence of multiple radio access technologies. Basically mechanism that provides support seamless handover are depends on tunnel that is created between different radio access technologies for establishing connectivity to the core network. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is mostly used for encapsulation It is specified in standard as IP session continuity signaling being used by Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Protocols just like PMIPv6 and MIPv6 manage the path for IP packets destined for different network or radio access technology This kind of mobility approaches not support seamless handover and ensures efficient utilization of network resources, user privacy and network security. IP Security (IPSec) is another tunneling protocol used for protecting data integrity of wireless devices being delivered to the core network entities This is the security association mechanism in which mutual authentication between terminal and access gateway is performed. Packets in IPSec are encrypted and encapsulated within a new packet with new control information and are delivered by IPSec tunnel from terminal or user equipment to access gateway
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