Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) manages a vast network of interconnected smart devices that collect, transmit, and analyze data from their environment using embedded components like processors, sensors, and communication equipment. These devices, which require efficient power sources, often rely on batteries that limit their operational lifespan and increase environmental impact. This paper provides a comprehensive review of energy harvesting techniques aimed at enhancing the longevity and sustainability of IoT devices. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of various energy harvesting sources such as solar, thermal, RF, and mechanical energy focusing on their efficiency, applicability, and integration within wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Key contributions include the identification of current limitations in energy harvesting technologies, such as low energy conversion efficiency and intermittency, and the proposal of solutions to optimize energy capture and storage. The results demonstrate that integrating multiple energy sources can significantly improve power availability and reduce dependence on conventional batteries. This review concludes by outlining the ongoing challenges and future research directions needed to develop efficient, reliable, and cost-effective energy harvesting systems for IoT applications.
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