A Review of Different Extraction Procedures for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Fruits and Vegetables Using Agree Metric Approaches

Abstract

GAC is one of the crucial emerging platforms in the analytical field focusing on the environmental impact of various extraction procedures. There are various principles on which GAC is based, including the use of DESs, a miniaturized platform for extraction, the integration of extraction steps, operator safety, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing solvent wastage. Pesticide residue analysis is one of the most important factors affecting food safety and the health of society. Pesticides were used extensively to improve the production of crops and other food stuff, which is essential to meet the demands of society. This led to an accumulation of pesticide residues in various agricultural products, including fruits and vegetables, which are important to be detected and quantified. Different techniques were employed for extraction or sample preparation prior to detection by instrumental techniques, including GC, HPLC, and hyphenated techniques. Various software programs are available online to evaluate the greenness of any developed method, including GAPI, NEMI, Agree, AMVI, etc. This manuscript describes the impact of various extraction procedures like SPE, LLE, and TFME on sensitivity and extraction efficiency, along with the greenness evaluation used in the detection of pesticide residue in fruits and vegetables using Agree software.