Abstract
Floods are the most devastating of global natural disasters, and flood adaptation measures are needed to reduce future risk. Researchers have started to evaluate the costs and benefits of flood adaptation, but information regarding the cost of different flood adaptation measures is often not available or is hidden in non-peer-reviewed literature. Recent review studies have explored cost estimates for different aspects of flood adaptation, such as nature-based solutions. This study aims to contribute empirical data regarding the cost of flood adaptation by compiling peer-reviewed literature and research reports. The focus is on construction costs and expenses for operation and maintenance. This paper integrates the unit cost information of six main flood adaptation measure categories: (1) the flood-proofing of buildings, (2) flood protection, (3) beach nourishment and dunes, (4) nature-based solutions for coastal ecosystems, (5) channel management and nature-based solutions for riverine systems, and (6) urban drainage. Cost estimates are corrected for inflation and converted to U.S. dollars (2016). Measures are described, and cost figures for both developed and developing countries are provided. The results of this study can be used as input for economic-assessment studies on flood adaptation measures.
Highlights
Floods are the most devastating of global natural disasters; they caused billions of dollars in damage and the loss of life of thousands of people in 2017 [1]
The focus is on construction and maintenance costs for six categories of flood adaptation measures
The amount and quality of the data varies considerably, though recent research on specific flood-management issues has advanced the empirical basis of cost data
Summary
Floods are the most devastating of global natural disasters; they caused billions of dollars in damage and the loss of life of thousands of people in 2017 [1]. A vast array of studies have been conducted to assess and evaluate options for flood adaption so as to reduce current and future flood risk [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Such studies provide insights into the effects of sea level and climate change on flood hazard (e.g., depth, extent, and duration) [10] and related socio-economic effects on, for example, exposed populations and economic assets [2]. A recent study show the future benefits of investing in flood protection are much higher than the cost, assuming different future scenarios [9]
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