A review of biogenic routes for the manufacture of manganese oxide nanostructures and its anti-cancer, drug delivery, anti-bacterial, and bioimaging potentials

Abstract

This paper focuses on Manganese oxide nanoparticles such as MnO2, Mn2O3, and Mn3O4, which are compounds with unique and advantageous properties for a variety of applications. Manganese oxide nanoparticles have purportedly been made using green synthesis techniques. As reducing and capping agents in the synthesis processes, natural materials or their products, such as plant extracts or those of plant parts, gums, fruits, and, roots have been utilized. The dangers of human exposure to Manganese oxide nanoparticles have allegedly increased due to their reported use in bioimaging, medication delivery, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer applications. When assessing the environmental dangers associated with employing these nanoparticles, it is crucial to have a thorough grasp of the impact of Manganese oxide nanoparticles and the underlying processes of their actions. When compared to copper, manganese, tin, cobalt, and Manganese oxide nanoparticles, Manganese oxide nanoparticles have low IC50 values and great biocompatibility. This has been attributed to the lower toxicity (hemolytic investigations) and great bioavailability of these particles. Manganese oxide nanoparticles are also recognized as powerful bacteriostatic and chemotherapeutic agents for use in the quick identification and diagnosis of different malignancies. However, more research should be done to assess the toxicity of Manganese oxide nanoparticles on specific organisms. This paper aims to provide some insight into the developments in the field of green synthesis for creating effective NPs, including Manganese oxide nanoparticles, for upcoming applications.