Abstract
The performance and efficiency of green energy sources in electric vehicles (EVs) are significantly affected by operation temperatures. To maintain the optimal temperatures of a hybrid energy system (HES), an innovative hybrid thermal management system (IHTMS) was designed. The IHTMS contains a coolant pump, a heat exchanger, a proportional valve for hybrid flow rates, five coolant pipes, and three electromagnetic valves to form two mode-switch coolant loops. A Matlab/Simulink-based simulator of the IHTMS was constructed by formulating a set of first-ordered dynamics of temperatures of coolant pipes and energy bodies using the theories of Newton’s law of cooling and the lumped-parameter technique. Parameters were majorly derived by measured performance maps and data from the experimental platform of the IHTMS. To properly manage the optimal temperatures, four control modes were designed for inner-loop form and outer-loop form. For the experimental platform to verify the simulator, two power supplies generated the waste heat of dual energy sources calculated by the driving cycle and vehicle dynamics. Simulation results show that the temperatures were controlled at their optimal ranges by proper mode/loop switch. With the inner-loop mechanism, the rise time of optimal temperature decreased 27.4%. The average simulation-experiment temperature error of the battery was 0.898 °C; the average simulation-experiment temperature error of the PEMFC was 4.839 °C. The IHTMS will be integrated to a real HES in the future.
Highlights
To decrease the usage of fossil fuels so that the greenhouse effect can be eased up, several green energy sources have been widely applied to transportation and power stations
These zero-emission energy sources have been used for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) for the reduction of air pollutants
To manage optimal temperatures of emulated lithium lithium battery and the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), thePEMFC, To managethethe optimal temperatures of emulated battery and the rule-based control strategies were adopted for actuators: electromagnetic valves, proporthe rule-based control strategies were adopted for actuators: electromagnetic valves, protional valve, electric-controlled radiator,radiator, and the coolant pump
Summary
Featured Application: This innovative hybrid thermal management system is able to be widely applied in electric vehicles with dual energy sources for the purpose of maintaining the optimal temperatures and efficiencies.
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