Abstract
The ambient noise in shallow water is more complicated than that in the deep sea, and it has greater geographical and seasonal variations since there is a strong bottom interaction. A theoretical model of ambient sea noise including surface-noise sources and a stratified medium ocean is discussed. The noise sources are assumed to be statistically independent directional point sources distributed over the sea surface. The effects of the surface–source feature, velocity profile, and bottom property on ambient noise are studied. In general, the ray theory is suitable for calculating the contribution of near-field sources, whereas the normal-mode theory is appropriate for far-field sources. In this paper, a ray-mode theory suitable for near- and far-field sources is developed. The concise formulas for calculating the intensities, spatial correlation, and vertical directivity of ambient noise are present and some numerical simulations are given.
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