A quantification of the electron return effect using Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements for the MRI-linac

Abstract

The integration of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and linear accelerators into hybrid treatment systems has made MR-guided radiation therapy a clinical reality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the Electron Return Effect (ERE) on the dose distributions. This study was conducted using MRIdian (ViewRay, Cleveland, Ohio) system. Monte-Carlo simulations (MCs) and experimental measurements with EBT3 Gafchromic films were performed to investigate the dose distribution in a slab water phantom with and without a 2-cm air gap. Plus, MCs took into account different field sizes and a lung gap. A gamma analysis compared calculated versus measured dose distributions. The MCs have shown an increase of the ERE with the radiation field size both in Percent Depth Dose (PDD) and crossline direction. As concerns to the PDD direction, the smallest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 4.15×4.15 cm2both for air-gap (13.5%) and lung-gap (3.3%). The largest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 24.07×24.07 cm2both for air-gap (39.7%) and lung-gap (4.9%). Instead for the crossline direction, the smallest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 2.49×2.49 cm2both for air-gap (8.6% ) and lung-gap (0.5%). The largest field for which there was a significant dose accumulation was 24.07×24.07 cm2both for air-gap (46.2%) and lung-gap (4.2%). PDD and crossline profiles showed good agreement with a gamma-passing rate higher than 91.15% for 2%/2 mm. The ERE can be adequately calculated by MC dose calculation platform available in the MRIdian Treatment Planning System. The MCs show an increase of the ERE directly proportional with the radiation field size. Good agreement was observed between the experimental measurements and calculated dose distributions.