Abstract
The oral toxicity profile of the crude aqueous stem bark extract of <em>Pausinystalia yohimbe</em> was studied in adult albino rats. The Up and Down method (AOT425statPgm version 1.0) for acute oral toxicity was carried out using a starting dose of 175 mg/kg body weight via the oral route. For the sub chronic study, 40 male albino rats weighing between 150-200 g, were grouped into three treatment groups and a control group with 10 rats in each group. A repeat dose oral toxicity study was conducted by daily oral dosing of 600 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight of extract dissolved in 1ml of 0.9% saline to groups 1 and 2, respectively and 30% powdered stem bark mixed with 70% rat chow (w/w) to group 3 and 1ml of 0.9% saline was administered to rats in the control group for 28 days. On day 29, blood samples for bioassay were collected by cardiac puncture under diethyl ether anesthesia. The LD50 estimate of the extract was calculated to be greater than 2000mg/kg body weight/oral route. The extract did not cause any significant difference in the body weight of the rats. Platelet count and White Blood Cell count (WBC) were significantly elevated across the treatment groups p<0.05. Total bilirubin was significantly higher p<0.05 in the 600 and 150mg treatment groups, while conjugated bilirubin was significantly higher in the 600 mg treatment group. Total protein was significantly lower p<0.05 in the 600mg treatment group. Aspartate Transaminase was significantly higher in all the treatment groups, while Alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the 600 and 150mg treatment groups, p<0.05, respectively. Alanine transaminase was significantly higher in 600 mg treatment group. Na+ was elevated significantly, p<0.05. These results suggest incipient toxicity of the extract and indicate need for morphometric toxicity study.
Highlights
As far back as 1977, the World Health Assembly (WHA) drew attention to the potential of tradition medicine, especially its human power reserve in national health care systems, urging member countries to utilize traditional medicines (Akerele, 1987; Nakajima, 1987)
The behavioral signs of toxicity observed in the rats especially at the 2000 g/kg body weight, included arching of the back, irritability, short dashes, repeated tugging of head between the hind limbs, rapid blinking of eye lids and restlessness
Serum liver enzymes: The aspartate transaminases Histology: Plate 1 to 7 showed the light microscopic were significantly raised in the treatment groups when picture (H&E) of the kidney, liver, cavernous tissue, compared with the control; the alanine transaminase prostate, spleen, seminal vesicle and testis of rats was only significantly raised in the 600 mg/kg group. treated with Pausinystalia yohimbe (PY) for a period of 28 days
Summary
As far back as 1977, the World Health Assembly (WHA) drew attention to the potential of tradition medicine, especially its human power reserve in national health care systems, urging member countries to utilize traditional medicines (Akerele, 1987; Nakajima, 1987). Fifty male albino rats were significant hypoglycemic effects These Folkloric use obtained from the laboratory animal house of the and research findings point to inherent, unraveled department of biological Sciences Usmanu Danfodiyo potentials in Pausinystalia yohimbe extract, other than University, Sokoto, for the entire study. It is widely used as medicinal plant, information on its toxicity in man and animal models is still incomplete. Such dearth of information could have serious safety health implications especially in large populations of impoverished developing countries like Nigeria kept in metal cages in the metabolic laboratory with uniform temperature of 22-25 degrees centigrade, 12 hours light and 12 hours dark periodicity. The acute oral toxicity study was conducted using the ‘up and down’ procedure according to OECD/OCDE test guidelines on acute oral toxicity under a computer guided statistical program
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