Abstract
The development of four‐dimensional (4D) imaging, treatment planning, and treatment delivery methods for radiation therapy requires a quality assurance device that can reproduce clinical motions. Here, we present a high‐precision translation stage for testing and validating 4D techniques. These techniques may require spatial resolutions of 1 mm and temporal resolutions of 2 – 30 Hz for computed tomography imaging, electromagnetic tracking, and fluoroscopic imaging. A one‐dimensional programmable translation stage capable of reproducing idealized and measured anatomic motions common to the thorax and providing support for phantoms weighing up to 27 kg was designed and built to meet the foregoing spatial and temporal resolution requirements. The stage consists of a polycarbonate base and table, driven by an ac servo motor with encoder feedback by means of a belt‐coupled precision screw. Complex motions are made possible by a programmable motion controller that can run multiple independent control and monitoring programs concurrently on independent motion axes. Programmable input and output ports allow motion to be synchronized with beam delivery and other imaging and treatment delivery devices to within 2.0 ms. Average deviations from the programmed positions are typically 0.2 mm or less, and the average maximum positional errors are typically 0.5 mm for an indefinite number of parameterized breathing motion cycles during reproduction of measured target volume motions for several minutes.PACS number: 87.66.Xa
Highlights
112 Litzenberg et al.: A precision translation stage...time intervals that are comparable to the imaging frequency
Several translation stages have been reported in the literature.[1,2,3,4] One high-precision stage reported for use with tomotherapy employed a rotary table on a translation stage.[1]. Others have used a rotary drive motor to produce sinusoidal motion in a translation stage holding detectors or phantoms,(2,3) and another used a programmable stepper motor coupled to a translation stage with a lead screw to simulate the irregular breathing motion observed in patients.[4]
Rotary induction motors may provide a reasonably accurate cyclical motion once at constant speed, but they are limited to sinusoidal motions, which are not wholly representative of observed clinical anatomic motion
Summary
112 Litzenberg et al.: A precision translation stage...time intervals that are comparable to the imaging frequency. Several translation stages have been reported in the literature.[1,2,3,4] One high-precision stage reported for use with tomotherapy employed a rotary table on a translation stage.[1] Others have used a rotary drive motor to produce sinusoidal motion in a translation stage holding detectors or phantoms,(2,3) and another used a programmable stepper motor coupled to a translation stage with a lead screw to simulate the irregular breathing motion observed in patients.[4] Those stages provide a wide range of capabilities for simulating motion in phantoms of varying mass, with varying degrees of accuracy. A closed-loop positional feedback mechanism may be implemented to account for slippage and to help ensure that the desired location is eventually reached, at a potentially different time than that desired
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