Abstract
This work briefly reviews and extends the author’s three previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370; (2016), 7, 1829-1844 that propose as an alternative to the accelerating ΛCDM universe, the decelerating Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe, in which dark energy is a different phase of dark matter located only in intergalactic space (IGS), and that instead of a negative pressure, it has an index of refraction n≈1.50, and hence a reduced speed of light c / n through it. This allows the EdS universe to expand the extra distance necessary to obtain the diminished brightness of the Type Ia supernovae. In view of the recent suggestion that the universe is not accelerating, but possibly expanding uniformly, a table is given comparing both the accelerating and uniformly expanding universes with the EdS universe supplemented by the reduced speed of light. It is shown that fitting the uniformly expanding universe leads to a smaller value of n, and hence too short an age for the EdS universe, unlike the case with fitting the accelerating universe. The main result is that the proposed reduced speed of light in the IGS predicts discordant redshifts. It is shown that the current explanation of “accidental superposition,” is most likely insufficient to explain the number of observations, and that the present proposal could make up the difference. It can be tested astronomically, as illustrated in a figure.
Highlights
The author has published three papers [1] [2] [3] that describe a possible alternative to the accelerating universe that emerged from the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) studies of Riess, et al [4], Schmidt, et al [5], and Perlmutter, et al [6]
This work briefly reviews and extends the author’s three previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370; (2016), 7, 18291844 that propose as an alternative to the accelerating ΛCDM universe, the decelerating Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe, in which dark energy is a different phase of dark matter located only in intergalactic space (IGS), and that instead of a negative pressure, it has an index of refraction n ≈ 1.50, and a reduced speed of light c / n through it
Since it was noted by Riess, et al [10] that for=z 1.65 ± 0.15, the apparent magnitude of a supernova Ia indicated that at that epoch the universe was not accelerating, in the alternative model proposed here, this can only mean that the dark energy started to appear at that epoch, and that before that time there was only dark matter in the IGS, since extra-galactic baryonic matter, cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), neutrinos, the Higgs field, axions, gravitational radiation, and other possible constituents of the IGS are all ignored in this preliminary model
Summary
The author has published three papers [1] [2] [3] that describe a possible alternative to the accelerating universe that emerged from the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) studies of Riess, et al [4], Schmidt, et al [5], and Perlmutter, et al [6]. Tangherlini 624 the model effectively assumes that the speed of light reduction is only occurring within the intergalactic space (IGS), and that dark energy is only in the IGS Since it was noted by Riess, et al [10] that for=z 1.65 ± 0.15 , the apparent magnitude of a supernova Ia indicated that at that epoch the universe was not accelerating, in the alternative model proposed here, this can only mean that the dark energy started to appear at that epoch, and that before that time there was only dark matter in the IGS, since extra-galactic baryonic matter, cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), neutrinos, the Higgs field, axions, gravitational radiation, and other possible constituents of the IGS are all ignored in this preliminary model.
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