Abstract
This work extends the author’s two previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of refraction n of the dark energy for additional values of the cosmological density parameters, and for the two methods of obtaining n: least squares fit, and electromagnetic theory. Comparison of the alternative model with the accelerating universe for the new values of the density parameters and n is given in two tables. The new values for n are used to obtain a range of ages for the Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe. It is shown that the EdS universe must be older than the comparison accelerating universe. This requirement is met for the Planck 2015 value of the Hubble constant, corrected for the speed of light reduction by n. A supporting measurement as well as a disagreeing measurement is also discussed. Possible support from a stellar age determination is also discussed. It is shown that the expression obtained earlier for the increased apparent magnitude of the SNe Ia provides as good a fit for a closed universe with Ω(tot = 1.005) , as it does for the flat EdS universe. Comparison is presented in a third table. An upper bound on ΩΛ is given for a closed universe that eventually collapses back on itself that is too small for the value needed for the accelerating universe.
Highlights
In two previous works by the author [1] [2], hereafter referred to as I and II, it was shown that it is possible to explain the diminished brightness of the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) found by Perlmutter et al [3] [4], Riess et al [5], and Schmidt et al [6], and the increased distance to the “standard ruler” of the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO)F
Tangherlini 1830 determined by Anderson et al [7] [8], by assuming that the speed of light through the dark energy of intergalactic space has been reduced to c/n, where n is the index of refraction of the dark energy
It was assumed that the dark energy is another phase of dark matter, and that the phase transformation started to take place at about redshift=z 1.65 ± 0.15, as discussed in Riess et al [10], where there appears to be a supernova not exhibiting acceleration, and in the proposed alternative model, is where the dark energy started to appear as a consequence of the expansion cooling of the dark matter that was present in intergalactic space
Summary
How to cite this paper: Tangherlini, F.R. (2016) A Possible Alternative to the Accelerating Universe III. How to cite this paper: Tangherlini, F.R. (2016) A Possible Alternative to the Accelerating Universe III. Received: August 23, 2016 Accepted: September 27, 2016 Published: September 30, 2016
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