Abstract
In this study, an ultramicro interdigital electrode array chip (UIEA) was designed and fabricated by using Micro-Electro-Mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, and a portable detection system, using the chip for determination of heavy-metal ions in water, was developed. The working electrode of the UIEA was modified with gold nanoparticles by electrodeposition. The detection sensitivity of the UIEA chip for copper ions was 0.0138 μA·L·μg−1, with the linear range of 0–400 μg/L and the detection limit of 18.89 μg/L (3σ), which was better than that of the compared columnar glassy carbon electrode. The results of the interference experiment verified that the UIEA chip has a certain anti-interference ability against common heavy-metal ions in water, such as Pb2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+ ions. The standard addition method was used to investigate the performance of the developed s ystem for copper ion determination in real water. The recovery range from 87.5% to 94.7% was achieved.
Highlights
Heavy-metal ions are reported to be low-density, but highly toxic, chemicals
Some kinds of heavy-metal ions, such as iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, and manganese, etc., are trace heavy-metal elements needed by organisms, but they will lead to toxic effects when their concentrations are too high in vivo
In order to design a detection system to realize rapid detection of heavy metals in water, this study proposed a portable heavy-metal-ion sensing and detection system based on anodic stripping voltammetry, which is more miniaturized in size, and lower in energy consumption
Summary
Heavy-metal ions are reported to be low-density, but highly toxic, chemicals. Heavy metals are elements with an atomic density greater than 4.5 g/cm , which are some of the most persistent pollutants in waste water. The traditional detection methods for heavy-metal ions mainly include atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UVVis), and electrochemistry [9]. The former methods show high accuracy, they have some disadvantages in applications, such as the high cost of detection equipment, and the single species of detected ions. Developed a smartphone-based water-quality monitoring system with a whole-copper electrochemical sensor chip for the quantification of lead ions. The developed system was used to detect copper ions in water, and the experimental results revealed that the system had the advantages of miniaturization and portability, and was suitable for on-site rapid detection of heavy-metal ions
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