A Philosophy of Szellemiism

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on business, government, and society is getting more attention. The leading AI sectors have higher productivity but a lower share of GDP than those lagging in digitization and AI. There is a technological gap, with still unknown consequences concerning the social contract, the expected new digital welfare profile, as well as the business strategy about globalization. The hypothesis is that while digitization was already in motion (2000–2005), capital outflow from the US to MHGEs (market high-growth economies) in Asia negatively affected its productivity outcome. Additionally, it is expected that AI will give more market power to multinationals, reshaping the social contract. Thus, the current western social contract will no longer be able to cope with the consequences of the weakness of the nation-state, its policymakers, or the powerful profit-driven multinationals to deal with the overall effect of AI. We aim to look at the impact of this new state of technology on the social contract, focusing on the proper actions of government and business to deal with it. We used a descriptive approach based on desk research concerning productivity data, European government policies, trade model analysis, and business approach to AI. We expect to demonstrate the dynamic interaction of the K/L ratio within the prevailing status of global resources mobility, and the dangers unregulated AI represents to labor. Policy actions are needed concerning the legal status of AI and how to avert the collapse of the social contract and the rise of oligarchic cyber‑autocracies. Our general conclusion is as follows: While capital investments, which would have contributed to improved total factor productivity (TFP) in the USA, went to MHGEs, increasing their GDP growth in less than a decade, the broad use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) will reverse massive offshoring, and new types of manufacturing processes will emerge in developed countries.

The Lived Social Contract in Schools: From protection to the production of hegemony

The study focuses on the risks of making a social contract by its recipients – poor citizens and representatives of regional authorities, and the problems of unsustainable funding of such contracts. The study is based on the assumption that identifying the causes for poverty both of the regions and their neighbors will reveal sustainability of implementing a social contract technology in the field of healthcare and education of the poor, or in terms of infrastructure of a particular locality and the availability of jobs. The analysis of regional experience in making a social contract between 2015 and 2018 revealed significant differences in the costs of a social contract in various Russian regions. In order to mitigate risks and search for new approaches to providing a social contract and redistributing the financial resources of the regions for these purposes, an assessment of the investment potential of the regions was made in the context of its implementation for fulfilling social obligations. In addition, the share of expenditure on a social contract in the total regional expenses on social policy for all 85 Russian regions was estimated. The evaluation displayed a mismatch between the amount of expenditure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on a social contract and the available potential of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It also allowed the authors to rank the most and least balanced regions in terms of obligations to provide state social assistance. Based on this, a number of practical methods for allocating regional funds for the implementation of social obligations, including the development of a social contract mechanism, were suggested. Moreover, accounting treatment of social risks and their coverage according to the insurance principle was developed.

There are three primary aims of this paper. Firstly, it is to analyse proper role theory, especially in government sector. Secondly, this study would examine the role of Indonesian government, according to relevant role theory, in order to achieve nation’s goal. Thirdly, this paper would examine the use of technology by Indonesia government in order to achieve that goal. Furthermore, this research using qualitative data collecting methods with descriptive approach and case study strategy.
 There are some findings of this study. First, there are four main elements in the theory aspect of the role of the government, especially in Indonesia, namely: One, the political and social contract. Two, the process of deliberation or formulation of public policy that becomes the main point before entering into other points as derivatives. Three, the concept of implementation of public policy, in which there is a dimension of rights and obligations, both for the government and society, as both parties agree on social and political contracts, where both aspects become the fourth and fifth points.
 Secondly, the Indonesian government's policy in case studies that researchers use, namely the issue of radicalism, is considered to be contrary to the contract value of the nation and state. This can be further seen in pancasila related to national unity and unity and social justice. Furthermore, the dynamics of the issue are also contrary to the vision of the ministry of religion, in terms of maintaining intra-religious harmony. Even in the process of drafting a Joint Decree of the ministry related to this issue, not through an appropriate process of public policy formulation.
 Thirdly, even if the policy must be taken by the government, it is necessary to take appropriate public policy formulation measures. Moreover, it is beyond the vision and mission of the ministry, campaign promises and the constitution. Therefore, one of the efforts that must be taken to produce good public policy is to provide public spaces availability to participate in the formulation. Where in this case, technology, especially the presence of virtual space as an extension of physical space, has a big part in that. Unfortunately the government does not provide access for the public in this virtual space, and seems to separate certain spaces which creating divsion of personality.
 Keywords: The role of government, the theory of the role of government, technology.

Artificial intelligence speakers, artificial intelligence secretaries, and artificial intelligence translations are all now naturally incorporated into many people's daily lives. Artificial intelligence, which is used in various fields from simply increasing the convenience of work daily to creating artwork using artificial intelligence technology, is being actively studied in relation to the human emotional field. This study will examine the process in which artificial intelligence newly stimulates human emotions by learning emotions. going beyond just recognizing human emotions. Also, the study will examine the definition, technology, and cases of artificial emotional intelligence that can be used for emotional control or decision-making based on emotional information recognized and learned by artificial intelligence. The study has meaning in suggesting what elements are needed for the industrialization of artificial emotional intelligence.

This study explores the phenomenon of differential artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in K-12 education through the lens of Rousseau’s social contract theory, examining how educators navigate their professional responsibilities in an era of rapid technological change. Drawing from a comprehensive survey of 378 teachers across five Indian metropolitan areas, the research reveals a significant ‘protection gap’ where educators embrace AI for personal use (73.4% adoption) while maintaining cautious attitudes towards student integration (59.5% comfort level). Using Rousseau’s framework of the social contract and the ‘general will’, this analysis reframes teacher resistance not as technological conservatism but as fulfilment of their social contract with society to protect and nurture student development. The study finds that teachers’ concerns about critical thinking deterioration (66.4%) and technological over-dependence (60.2%) reflect their understanding of their role as guardians of the educational social contract. Through this philosophical lens, the research contributes a new framework for understanding educational technology adoption that recognises teachers as moral agents protecting the collective good while navigating individual technological freedoms. The findings suggest that successful AI integration requires renegotiating the educational social contract to balance innovation with protection, ultimately serving what Rousseau would term the ‘general will’ of educational communities.

This paper develops a dynamic model of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) capital accumulation and explores its implications for long-run economic stability, human labor, and the viability of the social contract. Extending baseline growth models, we introduce fixed and variable costs of AGI scaling, classify these costs, and analyze their impact on steady-state outcomes. We prove that sublinear costs allow unbounded AGI accumulation, ultimately driving wages and employment to collapse, while superlinear costs impose endogenous limits that preserve human economic relevance. Building on this foundation, we model redistribution and bargaining between human agents and AGI capital owners as a dynamic game, demonstrating the existence of stationary redistribution equilibria that stabilize welfare in the presence of AGI. However, the analysis reveals that excessive political concentration or unforeseen technological shocks can destabilize these contracts, endogenously leading to welfare bifurcation or collapse. We extend classical social contract theory to this novel context, arguing that in AGI-dominated economies, sustainable social contracts must be dynamically incentive-compatible for both human and artificial agents. The results show that without adaptive institutional mechanisms and explicit redistribution, AGI expansion threatens to sever economic reciprocity, erode human welfare, and destabilize macroeconomic and political equilibrium. Thus, the emergence of AGI necessitates not only technological governance but a reconceptualization of the social contract itself.

Maximising the Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence for People Living With Cancer

From the Editor's Desk: Systems Science 2010-2020, and Post-COVID-19.

Current challenges have accelerated the implementation of modern business concepts. Among the many practices of continuous business processes improvement is digitalization. Attention is focused on the benefits of digitalization in companies, which is to improve the processes quality, reduce their passage time, quickly fulfil orders, and hence increase customer loyalty. The concept of artificial intelligence is analysed, its three main types are identified: artificial narrow intelligence, general artificial intelligence, artificial superintelligence. Artificial narrow intelligence is focused on solving a narrowly defined, structured task; general artificial intelligence which is aimed at solving any problem, can respond to different environments and situations. Artificial superintelligence will be able to surpass people in absolutely everything, such as coping with creative tasks, decision-making and maintaining emotional relationships. The advantages of using artificial intelligence (accuracy in data processing, the ability to quickly analyse a large amount of information that will facilitate timely decision-making) are revealed. The main threats to the use of artificial intelligence (jobs disappearance, mass unemployment, loss of control over artificial intelligence – robots’ uncontrollability by humans) are also indicated. The most common technologies of artificial intelligence in enterprises (data science, machine learning, robotization) are considered. The business entities experience in the implementation of various artificial intelligence tools in operational activities, in the medical, legal, space, banking, educational spheres of activity, is presented. It was emphasized in the educational field that the annual increase in artificial intelligence is expected to reach 45% by 2030. It is also highlighted that artificial intelligence contributes to business development and global economic activity. The world's key players in the artificial intelligence market are considered, the top 10 world IT corporations are presented, the growth of their key performance indicators after the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in goods and services is investigated.

One of the promising instruments of social support for the population in the Russian Federation is a social contract, the feature of which is the conditional nature of social payments, requiring poor citizens to take active actions to improve their living situation (job search, vocational training, doing business). This study analyzes the Russian and foreign experience in organizing social contract instruments (the TANF program in the USA and the RSA program in France). The subject of the author's research is the effectiveness of budget expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation for the financial provision of the social contract mechanism in the context of the allocated areas of assistance. Special attention is paid to the legal support of the functioning of the social contract in terms of methods for evaluating its effectiveness and the distribution of appropriate subsidies from the federal budget. Based on the criterion proposed by the author of the relative amount of budget expenditures per citizen who has overcome the poverty threshold, an assessment of the budgetary effectiveness of various areas of assistance under the social contract is carried out. The conclusion is made about the difference in the evaluation results when using official indicators and the author's approach. Thus, official data indicate the success of the results of the social contract program, comparable with foreign analogues. The author's assessment of budgetary efficiency showed the irrational use of budgetary funds: 60% of financial resources in 2021-2022 were directed to the least effective area of assistance. Additionally, the problems in the mechanism of federal co-financing of expenditures of regional budgets for the use of the instrument are identified. The author identifies the methodological shortcomings of the current methodology for evaluating its effectiveness. Based on the identified problems, changes are proposed in the regulatory framework governing the financial mechanism for providing assistance on the basis of a social contract. These results are of high practical significance for the activities of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as regional executive authorities responsible for the implementation of the social contract.

Eighteen years after the change of power and the ushering in of the second Ethiopian republic in 1991, the political process in Ethiopia has, according to most observers, rigidified and largely closed the space for representative democracy. This paper will look at the main organizing political ideas or ideology of the current Ethiopian republic and to the nature of its governance techniques in the face of domestic and international challenges with reference to the debate on “failing” or “fragile” states. The new “social contract” defined after 1991 and codified in the 1994 Constitution is precarious. Dissent and ethno-regional resistance to federal policies are dealt with mainly by coercion and discursive isolation. Oppositional forces voice the need for a rethinking of the organizing ideas and institutions of the second republic in order to enhance political consensus and a shared political arena, but get little response. The paper will sketch an interpretation of governance in Ethiopia, focusing on the dilemma of reconciling local and modernist political practices, and will discuss the status of “republican” ideas, in name important in Ethiopia but mostly absent in practice. Explicit debate of these ideas is usually sidelined – also in academic commentaries – in favour of a focus on the ethno-federal ideology of the Ethiopian state.

There is a substantial and ever-growing corpus of evidence and literature exploring the impacts of Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on society, politics, and humanity as a whole. A separate, parallel body of work has explored existential risks to humanity, including but not limited to that stemming from unaligned Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). In this paper, we problematise the notion that current and near-term artificial intelligence technologies have the potential to contribute to existential risk by acting as intermediate risk factors, and that this potential is not limited to the unaligned AGI scenario. We propose the hypothesis that certain already-documented effects of AI can act as existential risk factors, magnifying the likelihood of previously identified sources of existential risk. Moreover, future developments in the coming decade hold the potential to significantly exacerbate these risk factors, even in the absence of artificial general intelligence. Our main contribution is a (non-exhaustive) exposition of potential AI risk factors and the causal relationships between them, focusing on how AI can affect power dynamics and information security. This exposition demonstrates that there exist causal pathways from AI systems to existential risks that do not presuppose hypothetical future AI capabilities.

Industrial Revolution 4.0 (I.R. 4.0) has given a gateway to the emerging intelligent technology: artificial intelligence (AI) technology. This emerging AI technology is rapidly moving towards human society and establishing a considerably more substantial human–machine relationship. This specific chapter describes the various stages of the Industrial Revolution and current I.R. 4.0 technology enrichment. Current I.R. 4.0 is progressively developing an intelligent machine whose performance is equivalent to the most intelligent human and making this possible by exercising artificial intelligence. The numerous stages of artificial intelligence are discussed here. These classifications of AI like Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) development in day-to-day applications are miraculously transforming human skills and employment in society. The other name of ANI is Human-level Artificial Intelligence (HLAI), which will help the society to remote monitor risk-based workplaces, i.e. computer vision. Verbal communication or typing messages will be substituted by Nanobot technology such as hybrid thinking. The backbone of this technology advancement is possible by machine learning, neural network, and genetic algorithms like deep neural network and non-maximum suppression algorithm. Once the intelligent machine starts thinking, then machine autonomous, i.e. singularity-based AI model, ensures decision-making based on real-time situations. Ultimately, the necessary need for social ethics and legal regulation of AI in routine life is adequately discussed.

AI Applications in Health Sector: Use of Artificial Intelligence in Covid-19 Crisis and Impacts of Medical Robots on Global Economy