A phenomenological study of the breastfeeding experiences of African American women and the implications of societal racialization

Abstract


 Background. UNICEF & The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life (UNICEF & WHO, 2017). Research has reported reduced risk for all selected pediatric diseases with breastfeeding durations meeting this recommendation. Despite the proven benefits, breastfeeding rates for low-income African American mothers remain far below the guidelines established by Healthy People 2030. 
 Purpose. The purpose of this research study was to explore the socio-cultural barriers and assets of breastfeeding experienced by African American mothers. The study was designed to elicit responses focused on barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding, specifically focusing on race as a key upstream determinant for both positive and negative experiences. 
 Methods. In this study, a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative approach was used conducting focus groups and in-depth interviews. Eight African American WIC eligible mothers consented to participate in the study. 
 Results. Data was analyzed using two coders, who looked for themes within the text derived from participants’ experiences. Four main themes emerged from the experiences of the participants: (a) Healthcare provider bias, (b) Distrust/Fear, (c) Agency/Control, and (d) Support Networks. 
 Conclusion. This study offers a novel approach to examining disparities in breastfeeding rates, duration, and exclusivity through directly engaging low-income African American mothers. This study suggests culturally appropriate training for providers, increasing the diversity of providers, providing peer coaches, and support groups for African American women would be beneficial for African American WIC eligible women wanting to be successful at breastfeeding.