Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for highly selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of bisphenol A (BPA) was prepared using phenolphthalein (PP) as the novel dummy template by bulk polymerization. A particle diameter distribution of 40–60 μm, a specific surface area of 359.8 m2·g−1, and a total pore volume of 0.730 cm3·g−1 for the prepared PP-imprinted polymer (PPMIP) were obtained. Good selectivity and specific adsorption capacity for BPA of the prepared PPMIP were also demonstrated by the chromatographic evaluation and sorption experiments. The PPMIP as a SPE sorbent was evaluated for the selective extraction and clean-up of BPA from complex biological, environmental, and food samples. Meanwhile, an accurate and sensitive analytical method based on the PPMIP-SPE purification procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) detection has been successfully developed for the rapid determination of BPA from these samples, with detection limits of 1.3 ng·mL−1 for bovine serum and milk, 2.6 ng·mL−1 for human urine and edible oil, 5.2 ng·mL−1 for soybean sauce, and 1.3 ng·g−1 for sediment. The BPA recoveries at two different spiking levels were in the range of 82.1–106.9%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 7.7%.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA, as shown in Figure S1) is an industrial chemical used in numerous products such as polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, food and beverage packing, dental sealants, and thermal paper [1], and its adverse effects on reproduction and development, neural network, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems in humans have been well demonstrated [2,3].In recent years, bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely found in a variety of biological samples [4,5], environmental matrixes [6,7] and food products [8,9]
This problem can be solved by using a dummy template instead of the target compound, since any leakage will be different from the analytes, such as the most commonly used isotope labeled templates [25,26] and structural analogs of analytes [27,28]
This study aims to fabricate the PP-imprinted polymer (PPMIP) material by bulk polymerization and apply it for highly selective extraction of BPA from two biological samples, one environmental sample, and three food samples
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA, as shown in Figure S1) is an industrial chemical used in numerous products such as polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, food and beverage packing, dental sealants, and thermal paper [1], and its adverse effects on reproduction and development, neural network, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems in humans have been well demonstrated [2,3].In recent years, BPA has been widely found in a variety of biological samples [4,5], environmental matrixes [6,7] and food products [8,9]. The utilization of the molecular imprinting technique in solid-phase extraction (SPE), so-called molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE), has become one of the most popular strategies for the pretreatment of complex biological, environmental, and food samples [17,18,19]. When MIP is used for trace analysis, it is not advisable to use the target molecule as the template. This problem can be solved by using a dummy template instead of the target compound, since any leakage will be different from the analytes, such as the most commonly used isotope labeled templates [25,26] and structural analogs of analytes [27,28]. For the target analyte BPA, much effort has been expended in the use of related structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS) [28], bisphenol B (BPB) [29], and bisphenol
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