A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves using differential forms in three-dimensional domains

Abstract

As a significant contribution, we present a novel formulation of the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer (CFS-PML) for differential forms, introducing the innovative concept of a directional incidence matrix. This paper explores the application of differential forms in simulating wave propagation problems in three-dimensional domains. To confine the unbounded domain, we utilize a discretization technique based on the CFS-PML. Additionally, we provide an illustrative example that involves a system comprising a GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) horn antenna, air, lossy soil, and a buried sphere.