Abstract
We report on the development of a simple and cost-effective potentiometric sensor array that is based on manual “drawing” on the polymeric support with the pencils composed of graphite and different types of zeolites. The sensor array demonstrates distinct sensitivity towards a variety of inorganic ions in aqueous media. This multisensor system has been successfully applied to quantitative analysis of 100 real-life surface waters sampled in Mahananda and Hooghly rivers in the West Bengal state (India). Partial least squares regression has been utilized to relate responses of the sensors to the values of different water quality parameters. It has been found that the developed sensor array, or electronic tongue, is capable of quantifying total hardness, total alkalinity, and calcium content in the samples, with the mean relative errors below 18%.
Highlights
Initial characterization of Ion-Sensing Pencil (ISP) revealed that their response behavior is analogous to classical ion selective electrodes (ISEs) [33]
Sensors exhibit various degrees of agreement with near-Nernstian slopes, which is not surprising given that selectivity of zeolites is inferior to classical ISEs that rely on strong covalent interaction of the target analyte to a very selective ionophore
Based on the presented results, it can be concluded that a pencil-drawn sensor array is capable of a quantitative assessment of chemical composition in real river water samples with acceptable precision
Summary
The fast global development of urban, industrial, agricultural, and transport technologies has posed a significant threat to the environment. These sectors discharge huge quantities of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste every day. The waste may be discharged directly to the environment, such as dumping grounds, open air, lakes, rivers, and, oceans, without proper treatment and decontamination. An adequate chemical analysis of the environmental samples is a bottleneck in the management chain. The variability and complexity of contaminants, as well as possible unpredictable interactions and concerted influence of these components on the environment and living beings, make it imperative to develop effective chemical sensors for real-life environmental analyses
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