A palladium(II) complex with the Schiff base 4-chloro-2-(N-ethyliminomethyl)-phenol: Synthesis, structural characterization, and in vitro and in silico biological activity studies

Abstract

The synthesis and characterization of the Pd(II) complex of the formula [Pd(L)2] 1 with the Schiff base 4-chloro-2-(N-ethyliminomethyl)-phenol (HL) as derived in situ via the condensation reaction of 5-chloro-salicylaldehyde and ethylamine was undertaken. The structure of 1 was verified by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The ability of 1 to interact with calf-thymus (CT) DNA was studied by UV–vis and viscosity experiments, and its ability to displace ethidium bromide (EB) from the DNA-EB conjugate was revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that intercalation is the most possible mode of interaction with CT DNA. Additionally, DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments showed that 1 interacts with the plasmid pBluescript SK(+) (pDNA) as proved by the formation of unusual mobility DNA bands and degradation of relaxed pDNA at concentration of 5 mM. The interaction of 1 with human (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was monitored revealing its reversible binding to albumins. The complex showed noteworthy antimicrobial activity against one (Bacillus subtilis) of the five tested bacteria. In order to explain the described in vitro activity of the compound, we adopted molecular docking studies on the crystal structure of HSA, BSA, CT DNA and DNA-gyrase. Furthermore, in silico predictive tools have been employed to study the properties of the complex. The in silico studies are adopted on a multitude of proteins involved in cancer growth, as well as prediction of drug-induced changes of gene expression profile, protein- and mRNA-based prediction results, prediction of sites of metabolism, cytotoxicity for cancer cell lines, etc.