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Abstract
Current redox flow battery (RFB) stack models are not particularly conducive to accurate yet high-throughput studies of stack operation and design. To facilitate system-level analysis, we have developed a one-dimensional RFB stack model through the combination of a one-dimensional Newman-type cell model and a resistor-network to evaluate contributions from shunt currents within the stack. Inclusion of hydraulic losses and membrane crossover enables constrained optimization of system performance and allows users to make recommendations for operating flow rate, current densities, and cell design given a subset of electrolyte and electrode properties. Over the range of experimental conditions explored, shunt current losses remain small, but mass-transfer losses quickly become prohibitive at high current densities. Attempting to offset mass-transfer losses with high flow rates reduces system efficiency due to the increase in pressure drop through the porous electrode. The development of this stack model application, along with the availability of the source MATLAB code, allows for facile approximation of the upper limits of performance with limited empiricism. This work primarily presents a readily adaptable tool to enable researchers to perform either front-end performance estimates based on fundamental material properties or to benchmark their experimental results.
Highlights
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been hailed as energy storage solutions that are cost-effective at large scales [1,2,3,4]
We illustrate the impact of active species crossover, which does not inherently produce capacity fade, but does impact the coulombic efficiency and the accessible capacity
Our results are generally bounded by previous reports of system performance, whether focused on the study of individual components or the overall system, but subject to the user input values
Summary
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been hailed as energy storage solutions that are cost-effective at large (e.g., grid) scales [1,2,3,4]. 2–10 mPa s), high ionic conductivities (200–400 mS cm−1 ) [8], and poor stability at elevated temperatures due to the precipitation of vanadium as V2 O5 [32] In addition to these RAE-focused activities, several reports have examined membrane properties and their improvement [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], the effects of electrodes and their modification [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56], flow field design [57,58,59,60,61], flow rate [62,63,64], temperature [65,66], and electrolyte rebalancing [10,67]. The primary objective of this manuscript is the generation of a broadly useful modeling framework for the community, we explore the sensitivity of predicted system performance to key parameters, such as electrolyte flow rate and the number of cells in a stack, to both illustrate their influence and validate the model results against existing literature
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