A Novel Role for RAX, the Cellular Activator of PKR, in Synergistically Stimulating SV40 Large T Antigen-dependent Gene Expression

Abstract

The double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein RAX was discovered as a stress-induced cellular activator of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), a key regulator of protein synthesis in response to viral infection and cellular stress. We now report a novel function of RAX, independent of PKR, to enhance SV40 promoter (origin)/enhancer-dependent gene expression. Several mammalian cell lines including COS-7, CV-1, and HeLa cells were tested. Results reveal that the SV40 large T antigen is required for RAX-mediated, synergistic enhancement of gene expression. RAX augments SV40 regulatory element-dependent DNA replication and transcription. The mechanism requires the SV40 enhancer, a viral transcriptional element that is necessary for efficient SV40 DNA replication in vivo. Mutational analysis reveals that the dsRNA-binding domains of RAX are required for the gene expression enhancing function. Thus, in addition to stimulating PKR activity, RAX can positively regulate both SV40 large T antigen-dependent DNA replication and transcription in a mechanism that may alter the interaction of the cellular factor(s) with the SV40 enhancer via the dsRNA-binding domains of RAX. This novel function of RAX may have implications for regulation of mammalian DNA replication and transcription because of the many similarities between the viral and cellular processes.