Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulators during antimicrobial responses in the host innate immune system. Studies have shown that lncRNAs are expressed in a highly tissue- and cell-specific- manner and are involved in the differentiation and function of innate immune cells, as well as inflammatory and antiviral processes, through versatile molecular mechanisms. These lncRNAs function via the interactions with DNA, RNA, or protein in either cis or trans pattern, relying on their specific sequences or their transcriptions and processing. The dysregulation of lncRNA function is associated with various human non-infectious diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of lncRNA function in the development and differentiation of innate immune cells, and during the activation or repression of innate immune responses. These elucidations might be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory and innate immune-mediated diseases.
Highlights
Tomozumi Imamichi andThe innate immune system is equipped with an arsenal of strategies to withstand infectious threats and maintain the normal activities and metabolism of the body
HnRNP-A2/B1; Lethe inhibits genes through switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF)-NF-κB complex or interactions with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)-A/B and hnRNP-A2/B1; Lethe inhibits NF-κB locating locating target promoters; MALAT1 creates RNA-protein complex; NEAT1 initiates by transcription transferring target genegene promoters; MALAT1 creates RNA-protein complex; NEAT1 initiates transcription transferring by SFPQ;several and several other Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in inflammation and virus-mediated innate immune response
Tremendous progress made in recent years has provided clear evidence that lncRNAs play an important role in the regulation of innate immunity
Summary
The innate immune system is equipped with an arsenal of strategies to withstand infectious threats and maintain the normal activities and metabolism of the body. Activation of the innate immune system represents an immediate and initial response against pathogens and endows the body with the ability to repair and restore damaged tissue. LncRNAs can regulate gene expression via multiple mechanisms at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels [8]. LncRNA acts as a key regulator of innate immune responses and inflammation by activating various signal-dependent chromatin-modifying factors, transcription factors, and transcriptional coregulators [11]. We review the recent advances in illustration of the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in innate immune cell development and innate immune responses. Despite the limited number of studies at present, we envision and believe that more intriguing lncRNAs and their biological functions will be exploited in the innate immune system in the near future
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