A novel nanoparticle loaded with methyl caffeate and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against Ralstonia solanacearum-a plant pathogenic bacteria.

Abstract

Developing a novel agent and understanding the interaction model between multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria could be worthwhile to induce the protection of crops with the prevalence of frequent hazards because of the use of pesticides and chemical resistance. Unlike metal nanoparticles, multipolymer nanoparticles have bacteriostatic properties against Ralstonia solanacearum that can trigger bacterial wilt by infecting the plant. Therefore, a novel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle containing caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and methyl caffeate (MC) was prepared with the sustained-release property (for 10 d at pH 6.5); here, 50% of the cumulative release rate was achieved. It was observed that the cytomembrane of R. solanacearum was jeopardized by the nanoparticle by the creation of large holes on the bacterial surface. The nanoparticle has an approximate EC50 value of 0.285 mg mL−1 with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), while the drug dosage could be reduced by 2/3. Furthermore, to reveal the possible mechanism of interaction between the multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria, a formidable inhibition effect was observed; the pathogenicity-related genes, namely, phcA, phcB, pehC, egl, pilT, and polA, of R. solanacearum were downregulated by 1/2, 1/42, 1/13, 1/6, 1/2, and 1/8, respectively, showing significant effects on the major virulence-related genes. Hence, a novel nanoparticle with excellent antibacterial and sustained-release properties has been prepared, possessing the potential to replace chemical pesticides and serve as a new control strategy for mulberry blight disease.