Abstract
BackgroundTransposable elements (TEs) comprise over 80% of the wheat genome and usually possess unique features for specific super-families and families. However, the role of TEs in wheat evolution and reshaping the wheat genome remains largely unclear.ResultsIn this study, we discovered a miniature (307 bp in length) TE-like sequence in exon 6 of a gene that encodes for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, in two accessions of wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and has interfered with the gene translation by creating a shorter reading frame as a result of a stop codon. The sequence that was termed Mariam, does not show any structural similarity to known TEs. It does not possess terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) that would allow us to assign this element to one of the TIR DNA super-families, and it does not possess characteristic features of SINE, such as a Pol-III promotor or a poly-A tail. In-silico analysis of five publicly available genome drafts of Triticum and Aegilops species revealed that Mariam element appears in a very low copy number (1–3 insertions) in diploid wheat species and ~ 12 insertions in tetraploid and hexaploidy wheat species. In addition, Mariam element was found to be unique to wheat, as it was not found in other plant genomes. The dynamic nature of Mariam in the wheat genome was assessed by site-specific PCR analysis and revealed that it retained activity in wild emmer populations in a population-specific manner.ConclusionsThis study provides additional insight into the evolutionary impact of TEs in wheat.
Highlights
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise over 80% of the wheat genome and usually possess unique features for specific super-families and families
We recently showed that Transposable elements can proliferate in a population-specific manner in wild emmer wheat, creating allelic variation [29]
Genome-specific primers were designed from intron 5 upstream to a Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITE) insertion, termed Fortuna, and from exon 6 of the gene (Fig. 1, Additional file 1: Table S1)
Summary
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise over 80% of the wheat genome and usually possess unique features for specific super-families and families. The role of TEs in wheat evolution and reshaping the wheat genome remains largely unclear. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA segments that have the ability to proliferate within their host, as such, they can make up large fraction of eukaryotic genomes [1]. TEs are divided into Class I elements (retrotransposons) and Class II elements (DNA transposons), which are further divided into super-families and families [6]. Activity of TEs in the genome can alter its structure both genetically and epigenetically [11,12,13,14]. Insertions of TEs in close proximity to genes can affect their expression, for example by interfering with promoter activity [15, 16].
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