A novel micro-grooved collagen substrate for inducing vascular smooth muscle differentiation through cell tissue arrangement and nucleus remodeling

Abstract

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) actively remodel arterial walls through biomechanical signals and dedifferentiate from the contractile to the synthetic state under pathological conditions. It is important to determine the differentiation mechanism of SMCs to understand their pathophysiology in disease. Previously, we found that the F-actin cytoskeleton in dedifferentiated SMCs on dishes was firmly connected to the nucleus, and that internal mechanical signals in SMCs are transmitted directly to the nucleus, indicating that nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions could be associated with SMC differentiation. However, mechanical environments in vivo are quite different from those of cultured cells: SMCs in vivo show an elongated shape and form a tissue that aligns with the circumferential direction of the walls. Thus, in the present study, we established a simple technique to fabricate a novel micro-grooved native collagen substrate that mimics the elongated cell shapes and alignment observed in vivo. The substrates had “wavy wrinkle” grooves with a width of ~5 µm and a Young's modulus of ~500 kPa, which were quite similar to those of the elastic lamina in vascular tissues. Using confocal microscopy image-based analysis, and nano-indentation imaging with atomic force microscopy, we found that SMCs on the micro-grooved collagen formed significant cell tissue arrangement, and changed their nuclear morphology to a “slim ellipsoid” in response to the force-reduction caused by F-actin remodeling, which consequently improved SMC differentiation. These findings indicated that this type of intracellular force-reduction around the nucleus has a crucial effect on SMC differentiation. Our micro-grooved collagen substrate is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of vascular SMC mechanotransduction.