Abstract
The increasing integration of Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) in distribution networks forms the Networked Renewable Energy Resources (NRERs). The cooperative Peer-to-Peer (P2P) control architecture is able to fully exploit the resilience and flexibility of NRERs. This study proposes a multi-agent system to achieve P2P control of NRERs based Internet of Things (IoT). The control system is fully distributed and contains two control layers operated in the agent of each RER. For primary control, a droop control is adopted by each RER-agent for localized power sharing. For secondary control, a distributed diffusion algorithm is proposed for arbitrary power sharing among RERs. The proposed levels communication system is implemented to explain the data exchange between the distribution network system and the cloud server. The local communication level utilizes the Internet Protocol (IP)/Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is used as the protocol for the global communication level. The effectiveness of the proposed system is validated by numerical simulation with the modified IEEE 9 node test feeder. The controller proposed in this paper achieved savings of 20.65% for the system, 25.99% for photovoltaic, 35.52 for diesel generator, 24.59 for batteries, and 52.34% for power loss.
Highlights
Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in the near future because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy.The energy resources are normally classified as fossil resources, renewable, and nuclear energy resources
The world is going to turn into a global village due to more requirement of energy due to fast-growing population, which leads to the use the fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil to fulfil the energy requirement, which creates unsustainable situations and many problems such as depletion of fossil fuels, environmental and geographical conflicts, greenhouse effect, global warming, and fluctuation in fuel prices
A diesel engine, a where short-circuit current.and a simulated machine are included in the models
Summary
Bilal Naji Alhasnawi 1, * , Basil H. Res. Civil Engineering Department, Hydraulics, Energy and Environment/Profesor Aranguren 3, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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