Abstract
A forward osmosis–nanofiltration (FO–NF) integrated new system in flat-sheet cross-flow module was designed to separate reusable water from coke-oven wastewater with reduced concentration polarization and high flux using low energy. Investigations were carried out under different sets of operating conditions of pressure, cross-flow rate, pH of the feed solution and run time for better understanding of the phenomena of concentration polarization and reverse salt diffusion in the new system. A set of polyamide composite membranes were investigated to screen out the best performing ones (NF-2 for forward osmosis and NF-1 for draw solute recovery) for the final experiments. While investigating effects of different draw solutions (DS) on the water flux and rejection of target contaminants, 1.5M NaCl was found to be the best for forward osmosis. Removal of about 96–98% of cyanide, phenols, NH4+ -N and chemical oxygen demand from real coke-oven could be achieved along with pure water flux of 46L/(m2h) in FO system under optimized conditions. Downstream nanofiltration module ensured continuous recovery and recycle of 99% of the draw solute while ensuring recovery of reusable water at the rate of 45L/(m2h).
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