Abstract
This paper proposes a novel criterion for an improved writer enrolment based on an entropy measure for online genuine signatures. As online signature is a temporal signal, we measure the time-normalized entropy of each genuine signature, namely, its average entropy per second. Entropy is computed locally, on portions of a genuine signature, based on local density estimation by a Client-Hidden Markov Model. The average time-normalized entropy computed on a set of genuine signatures allows then categorizing writers in an unsupervised way, using a K-Means algorithm. Linearly separable and visually coherent classes of writers are obtained on MCYT-100 database and on a subset of BioSecure DS2 containing 104 persons (DS2-104). These categories can be analyzed in terms of variability and complexity measures that we have defined in this work. Moreover, as each category can be associated with a signature prototype inherited from the K-Means procedure, we can generalize the writer categorization process on the large subset DS2-382 from the same DS2 database, containing 382 persons. Performance assessment shows that one category of signatures is significantly more reliable in the recognition phase, and given the fact that our categorization can be used online, we propose a novel criterion for enhanced writer enrolment.
Highlights
Handwritten signature is a behavioural biometric modality showing high variability from one instance to another of a same writer
Given the fact that our writer categorization process is totally automatic, independent of any classifier, and besides can be generalized to new writers acquired in similar conditions, we propose a novel criterion for a better writer enrolment process targeting enhanced signature verification
We have proposed a novel criterion for writer enrolment that allows guaranteeing a higher level of security to the individual writer, regardless of the verification system that is used
Summary
Handwritten signature is a behavioural biometric modality showing high variability from one instance to another of a same writer. Our writer categorization process gives as outputs one Entropy-Prototype per category, which combined to a Nearest Neighbour Rule [24], naturally allows classifying a signature sample during the enrolment step This classification allows measuring the intrinsic level of security of a user’s signature at the enrolment step. Such statistical approaches gave the best signature verification results in the last Signature Evaluation campaign in the framework of BioSecure Multimodal Evaluation Campaign BMEC’2007 [2]. The proposed enhanced writer enrolment procedure relying on PersonalEntropy is described in detail
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