Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as a tracer material in sentinel node biopsies. The latter is a procedure to analyze if cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes, helping to personalize patient care. To predict SPION behavior in vivo, it is important to analyze their magnetic properties in biological environments. The superparamagnetic quantifier (SPaQ) is a new device to measure the dynamic magnetization curve of SPIONs. The magnetization curve was measured for two types of SPIONs: Resovist and SHP-25. We used three techniques: Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS), and our new SPaQ. Furthermore, AC susceptibility (ACS) measurements were performed as part of the evaluation of the three techniques. SPaQ and VSM results were found to be similar. Measurement results were nearly identical in both directions, indicating minor hysteresis. However, in MPS measurements, a clear hysteresis loop was observed. Furthermore, the ACS measurements showed a pronounced Brownian maximum, indicating an optimal response for an AC frequency below 10 kHz for both particle systems. Both the SPaQ and MPS were found to be superior to VSM since measurements are faster, can be performed at room temperature, and are particularly sensitive to particle dynamics. The main difference between the SPaQ and MPS lies in the excitation sequence. The SPaQ combines an alternating magnetic field that has a low amplitude with a gradual DC offset, whereas MPS uses only an alternating field that has a large amplitude. In conclusion, both the SPaQ and MPS are highly suited to improve understanding SPION behavior, which will lead to the radical improvement of sentinel node biopsy accuracy.

Highlights

  • Characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) provides invaluable information on their use in biomedical applications, such as MRI,1 hyperthermia,2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI),3 and sentinel node detection.4 The Superparamagnetic Quantifier (SPaQ) was developed to characterize Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in biological environments, such as blood, tissue, and lymph nodes

  • The AC susceptibility (ACS) measurements showed a pronounced Brownian maximum, indicating an optimal response for an AC frequency below 10 kHz for both particle systems. Both the superparamagnetic quantifier (SPaQ) and Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS) were found to be superior to Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) since measurements are faster, can be performed at room temperature, and are sensitive to particle dynamics

  • The goal of this paper is to compare our novel SPaQ to Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) and Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS)

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Summary

Introduction

Characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) provides invaluable information on their use in biomedical applications, such as MRI, hyperthermia, Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), and sentinel node detection. The Superparamagnetic Quantifier (SPaQ) was developed to characterize SPIONs in biological environments, such as blood, tissue, and lymph nodes. Characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) provides invaluable information on their use in biomedical applications, such as MRI, hyperthermia, Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), and sentinel node detection.. The Superparamagnetic Quantifier (SPaQ) was developed to characterize SPIONs in biological environments, such as blood, tissue, and lymph nodes. This makes it suitable to optimize sentinel node detection. Sentinel node biopsies (SNB) are used to determine the lymph node status of a cancer patient.. Sentinel node biopsies (SNB) are used to determine the lymph node status of a cancer patient.5 As a result, it can be determined if the tumor has metastasized, and patient prognosis and treatment can be personalized. The sentinel nodes can be identified using a dedicated probe and examined for metastases following surgical removal

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