Markierung von humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen mit für die Magnet-Partikel-Spektroskopie geeigneten Eisenoxidnanopartikeln, Untersuchung des Zellverhaltens in dreidimensionaler Umgebung und nicht-invasive Analyse mittels Raman-Spektroskopie

Abstract

Stem cell research has already been challenged for years by the question how to design tissues or even whole organs in vitro. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) seem to be very promising for this task as they can be extracted in many cases directly from the recipient. Thus potential graft rejections are avoided. For further research on the behaviour of stem cells in vivo it is essential to be able to track them non-invasively. This is for example possible by Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI). For this purpose stem cells have to be labelled with a suitable substance, for example with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Presently there are no SPION approved by FDA or EMA that are able to enter hMSC without transfection agent (TA). Therefore the aim of this dissertation was to identify at least one SPION that possesses an optimal interaction with hMSC and can be tracked by MPI as well as by Raman-Spectroscopy. Furthermore the identified SPION should be detectable for a longer period of time and should not have any influence on hMSC. This dissertation was performed within the framework of the EU-wide `IDEA-project´. hMSC have been labelled with the iron oxide nanoparticles M4E, M4F, M4F2 and M3A-PDL in varying concentrations. For M3A-PDL and M4E examinations were done with concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml in standard cell culture as well as in a three-dimensional environment on a matrix of small intestinal submucosae (SIS-ser). Furthermore chondrogenic differentiation of M4E labelled hMSC was examined. Additionally Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS) and Raman-Spectroscopy were used as non-invasive detection systems. Histologically SPION uptake was proven by Prussian blue staining. Cell viability and proliferation were examined by Trypan blue staining and Ki67 antibody staining. In order to prove that also labelled cells proliferate, a special staining protocol combining Prussian blue and immunohistochemical stainings was established. The success of chondrogenic differentiation was histologically verified by Alcian blue staining, Aggrecan and Collagen II antibody staining. It could be demonstrated, that M4E has a very good cell-particle interaction when used for labelling hMSC. In contrast to M3A, which is only taken up into hMSC when covered by a TA, M4E can be used without TA. Both particles do not influence cell viability or proliferation. M4F and M4F2 are not suitable to lable hMSC. SPION could be detected at least for four weeks after labelling in a three-dimensional environment which is significantly longer than the maximum detection time of two weeks in cell culture. Chondrogenic differentiation is influenced by cell labelling with 0.5 mg/ml M4E. M3A-PDL can be detected by MPS. Raman-Spectroscopy is suitable to differentiate between M3A-PDL labelled and unlabelled hMSC. This dissertation has been able to identify an iron oxide nanoparticle with an excellent cell-particle interaction that allows intense cell labelling without TA and can be detected by MPS. In further studies at the institute it could already be shown that Raman-Spectroscopy can differentiate also between M4E labelled and unlabelled cells. However, chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC was inhibited in this dissertation. In literature several authors came to the conclusion that there is a dose-dependent inhibition of differentiation. Therefore further experiments are necessary to find out whether inhibition of differentiation might be less immanent when using smaller SPION concentrations. Additionally it should be evaluated if smaller SPION concentrations remain detectable by MPS for several weeks. Finally further studies should be done in testing systems that are more similar to the situation in vivo. Such systems are for example the dynamic environment of a BioVaSc-TERM®. This is important to make better predictions of the behaviour of labelled hMSC in vivo.