Abstract
The study and exploration of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MMIMO) and millimeter-wave wireless access technology has been spurred by a shortage of bandwidth in the wireless communication sector. Massive MIMO, which combines antennas at the transmitter and receiver, is a key enabler technology for next-generation networks to enable exceptional spectrum and energy efficiency with simple processing techniques. For massive MIMOs, the lower band microwave or millimeter-wave band and the antenna are impeccably combined with RF transceivers. As a result, the 5G wireless communication antenna differs from traditional antennas in many ways. A new concept of the MIMO tri-band hexagonal antenna array is being introduced for next-generation cellular networks. With a total scaling dimension of 150 × 75 mm2, the structure consists of multiple hexagonal fractal antenna components at different corners of the patch. The radiating patch resonates at 2.55–2.75, 3.45–3.7, and 5.65–6.05 GHz (FR1 band) for better return loss (S11) of more than 15 dB in all three operating bands. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique and defective ground structure in the ground plane have been employed for effective impedance matching. The deviation of the main lobe of the radiation pattern is achieved using a two-element microstrip Taylor antenna array with series feeding, which also boosts the antenna array’s bandwidth and minimizes sidelobe. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and tested in far-field radiating conditions and generates tri-band S-parameters with sufficient separation and high-quality double-polarized radiation. The fabrication and testing of MIMO antennas were completed, where the measurement results matched the simulation results. In addition, the 5G smartphone antenna system requires a new, lightweight phased microwave antenna (μ-wave) with wide bandwidth and a fire extender. Because of its decent performance and compact architectures, the proposed smartphone antenna array architecture is a better entrant for upcoming 5G cellular implementations.
Highlights
The mobile wireless networking sector has advanced at a frenetic pace in recent times
Fractals have been used in the designs instead of Euclidean geometric ideas [20]. From this rapidly evolving new research field has come the creation of fractal antenna cables
A small ultrawideband microstrip line feeding a circular-shaped ring patch antenna with a defected ground surface was proposed for wireless networking applications [27]
Summary
The mobile wireless networking sector has advanced at a frenetic pace in recent times. Low-power, and multiband wireless applications are highly preferred for safety and mobility. All of these demands necessitate the creation of highly effective, smallsized, and low-profile antennas that can be integrated into wireless devices. Fractals have been used in the designs instead of Euclidean geometric ideas [20] From this rapidly evolving new research field has come the creation of fractal antenna cables. There are mainly two dynamic research fields in the construction of fractal antenna devices [21] These include the study of components of antenna devices formed by fractals and the use of fractals in the design of antenna device groups. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the related works, Section 3 presents the proposed fractal antenna array geometry, Section 4 presents the results, and Section 5 outlines the conclusion
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