Abstract
Dynamin Guanosine Triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are best studied for their role in the terminal membrane fission process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), but they have also been proposed to regulate earlier stages of CME. Although highly enriched in neurons, dynamin-1 (Dyn1) is, in fact, widely expressed along with Dyn2 but inactivated in non-neuronal cells via phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) kinase. Here, we study the differential, isoform-specific functions of Dyn1 and Dyn2 as regulators of CME. Endogenously expressed Dyn1 and Dyn2 were fluorescently tagged either separately or together in two cell lines with contrasting Dyn1 expression levels. By quantitative live cell dual- and triple-channel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we find that Dyn2 is more efficiently recruited to clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) than Dyn1, and that Dyn2 but not Dyn1 exhibits a pronounced burst of assembly, presumably into supramolecular collar-like structures that drive membrane scission and clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation. Activation of Dyn1 by acute inhibition of GSK3β results in more rapid endocytosis of transferrin receptors, increased rates of CCP initiation, and decreased CCP lifetimes but did not significantly affect the extent of Dyn1 recruitment to CCPs. Thus, activated Dyn1 can regulate early stages of CME that occur well upstream of fission, even when present at low, substoichiometric levels relative to Dyn2. Under physiological conditions, Dyn1 is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to alter CCP dynamics. We identify sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) as a preferred binding partner to activated Dyn1 that is partially required for Dyn1-dependent effects on early stages of CCP maturation. Together, we decouple regulatory and scission functions of dynamins and report a scission-independent, isoform-specific regulatory role for Dyn1 in CME.
Highlights
Endocytosis has continued to evolve from a simple mode of ingestion and compartmentalization into a complex, multicomponent process that developed a bidirectional relationship with surface signaling [1,2]
clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is initiated by the assembly of clathrincoated pits (CCPs) that mature to form deeply invaginated buds before the large Guanosine Triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase), dynamin, catalyzes membrane scission and clathrin-coated vesicle release
We find that Dyn1, previously assumed to function only at neurological synapses, is expressed but maintained in an inactive state in non-neuronal cells through phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β)
Summary
Endocytosis has continued to evolve from a simple mode of ingestion and compartmentalization into a complex, multicomponent process that developed a bidirectional relationship with surface signaling [1,2]. Evolutionary steps towards this complexity, which are associated with multicellularity, include the expansion to multiple isoforms of endocytic accessory proteins [3,4] and the introduction of dynamin [4,5]. While encoded by single genes in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, further expansion of endocytic dynamins to three differentially expressed isoforms occurred in vertebrates [9]. A direct comparison of the biochemical properties of Dyn and Dyn revealed differences in their in vitro curvature generating abilities: Dyn can potently induce membrane curvature and independently catalyze vesicle release from planar membrane surfaces, whereas Dyn requires the synergistic activity of curvature-generating Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins [14,15]
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