Abstract
This paper establishes a novel model-free representation of the risk-neutral density in terms of market-observed options prices by combining exact series representations of the Dirac Delta function and the Carr-Madan asset spanning formula. Compared to the widely used method for obtaining the risk-neutral densities via the Breeden–Litzenberger device, our method yields estimates of risk-neutral densities that are model-free, automatically smooth, and in closed-form. The closed-form feature of our new representation makes it ideal for many potential applications including a new model-free representation of the local volatility function in the Dupire's local volatility model. The validity of our method is demonstrated through simulation studies as well as an empirical application using S&P 500 index option data. Extension of the method to higher dimensions is also obtained by extending the spanning formula.
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