Abstract
The severe impact of natural disasters on distribution system (DS) infrastructure highlights the importance of enhancing the resiliency of such systems. The loss of critical loads, one of the worst results of these events, increases the significance of resilient restoration approaches. In addition to distributed generators (DGs), which are common resources in restoration schemes, internal combustion engines (ICE) cars can considerably affect DS resiliency. This article first introduces an idea for using ICE vehicle as energy resources in a DS to enhance the system’s flexibility during restoration efforts after natural disasters. The amount of electrical consumption of modern cars and the availability of home inverters makes this idea practical. In addition, a novel comprehensive method is proposed based on the optimal formation of dynamic microgrids (MGs) that satisfies operational constraints and considers the ICE vehicles and is not based on path-based or children-parent nodes concepts. Moreover, the proposed method considers the integration of DGs in one microgrid. The proposed method is based on two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and considers uncertain load consumption and demand response (DR). Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a modified 33-bus IEEE test system. The results show that integration of DGs leads to restoring more loads. Moreover, distribution and selection of the buses corresponding to ICE cars affect directly on the amount of restored load. Budget limitation is also considered in this article. Evaluation of the proposed method shows the considerable effectiveness in increasing the resiliency of DS.
Highlights
Inevitable disasters have become more frequent and intense because of recent climate changes
Before the occurrence of disasters, the distribution system operator (DSO) signs contracts with a number of internal combustion engine (ICE) car owners in specified buses for them to participate in the program and be available during the power outage
NUMERICAL RESULTS the performance of the proposed method is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus test system
Summary
Inevitable disasters have become more frequent and intense because of recent climate changes. The proposed method is not path-based and has low complexity compared to other methods presented in the MG formation scheme They demonstrate the effect of ICE cars on DS resiliency, which has not been considered in any of the reviewed papers. MICROGRID FORMATION PROBLEM When a distribution system operator faces multiple faults after natural disasters and isolates parts of the DS into some unsupplied islands, as mentioned before, the approved method in this condition is to divide a distribution system into some self-supplied MGs. In this article, a two-stage mixed integer linear stochastic programming model is proposed which considers the topological and electrical specification of the distribution system. By using a reduction method, the number of scenarios is reduced to decrease the computational burden [34]–[36]
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