Abstract
A characteristic feature of vertebrate cells is a Golgi ribbon consisting of multiple cisternal stacks connected into a single-copy organelle next to the centrosome. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected not only to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, but also to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Challenging a commonly held view that ribbon architecture involves the formation of homotypic tubular bridges between the Golgi stacks, we present an alternative model, based on direct interaction between the biosynthetic (pre-Golgi) and endocytic (post-Golgi) membrane networks and their connection with the centrosome. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together. This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis. Moreover, it helps to understand transport pathways that either traverse or bypass the Golgi stacks and the positioning of the Golgi apparatus in differentiated neuronal, epithelial, and muscle cells.
Highlights
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts and transports proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates at the crossroads of the secretory and endocytic pathways
The present discussion focuses on two interconnected membrane systems, referred to as the biosynthetic and endocytic networks, which play key roles in membrane recycling in eukaryotic cells
Besides operating as a template for the biogenesis of the Golgi stacks, these networks may constitute a basic membrane system that plays an important role in trafficking and signaling events during different phases of the cell cycle; for example during cell division, when many trafficking events mediated by the classical protein coats appear to be compromised
Summary
Reviewed by: Brian Storrie, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, United States Alexandre A. The mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood These questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, and to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis.
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