Abstract
It is fundamentally obvious to chemists and chemical engineers that we do only three things in this country: 1. Convert one material or substance into another material or substance. For example, iron ore into steel, sand into glass, crude oil into plastics and synthetic fibers, nitrogen of the air into fertilizer, and, yes, wheat seed into pastry or perhaps even a steak. 2. Convert one energy form into another energy form. For example, oil or coal into electricity, gasoline into the kinetic energy of moving vehicles, natural gas into chemical explosives. 3. Perform services to support the first two. And nothing else. The infinite sequence of conversions is. what environmental quality is all about. It should be obvious also that there are some fairly fundamental laws of nature that prevent us from carrying out those conversions with 100% efficiency and that these physical limitations result in geometrically increasing costs as we strive for 100% conversion. ...
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