Abstract
One of the most important Distribution System Operators (DSO) schemes addresses the Volt/Var control (VVC) problem. Developing a cost-based reactive power dispatch model for distribution systems, in which the reactive powers are appropriately priced, can motivate Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to participate actively in VVC. In this paper, new reactive power cost models for DERs, including synchronous machine-based DGs and wind turbines (WTs), are formulated based on their capability curves. To address VVC in the context of competitive electricity markets in distribution systems, first, in a day-ahead active power market, the initial active power dispatch of generation units is estimated considering environmental and economic aspects. Based on the results of the initial active power dispatch, the proposed VVC model is executed to optimally allocate reactive power support among all providers. Another novelty of this paper lies in the pricing scheme that rewards transformers and capacitors for tap and step changing, respectively, while incorporating the reactive power dispatch model. A Benders decomposition algorithm is employed as a solution method to solve the proposed reactive power dispatch, which is a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. Finally, a typical 22-bus distribution network is used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.
Highlights
The conventional Volt/Var control aims to find appropriate coordination between the on-load tap changer (OLTC) and all of the switched shunt capacitors (Sh.Cs) in the distribution networks
This paper presented a new approach based on the energy market and reactive power dispatch considering the reactive power cost of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in VVC in distribution networks
A new pricing framework was presented to determine the cost of reactive power produced by DERs including synchronous machine-based Distributed Generations (DGs) and wind turbines (WTs)
Summary
The conventional Volt/Var control aims to find appropriate coordination between the on-load tap changer (OLTC) and all of the switched shunt capacitors (Sh.Cs) in the distribution networks. The reactive power capability (Q-capability) of DERs, especially the Q-capability of WTs considering wind speed fluctuations, has not been taken into account in previous studies of the VVC problem These deficiencies motivated us to formulate a new pricing model for reactive power service from DERs, including synchronous machine-based DGs and WTs. This article presents a new day-ahead active power market to minimize the electrical energy costs and the gas emissions of generation units. This article presents a new day-ahead active power market to minimize the electrical energy costs and the gas emissions of generation units Along with this active power market, a novel reactive power dispatch framework is introduced to minimize the total cost of the following components: adjustment of the initially scheduled active powers, total active power losses, reactive power provided by DERs and Disco, and depreciation cost of the switchable facilities such as OLTC and Sh.Cs in order to achieve an economic plan for the daily VVC problem.
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