Abstract
Splash is the first step of the water erosion process initiated when raindrops hit the earth’s surface and eject particles of soil. The ability to physically describe this phenomenon is important in order to counteract it. One of the research aspects of splash is energy dissipation of the impacting drop where the ejection of particles is significant part. Therefore, the main aim of this work is the presentation of an improved method for calculation of the kinetic energy of two-phase splashed material (water/solid soil particles). Measurements were carried out on Haplic Luvisol soil surface and single drop impact. Different methodologies allowed for obtaining key parameters that influence particles’ energy, including measuring the number of ejected particles, their mass, and their ejection velocity. High-speed cameras registered the phenomenon, identified particles, and reconstructed their flight trajectories. Based on the analysis of particle trajectories, it was possible to determine the distribution of particles’ ejection velocity with the average value equal 2.60 m·s−1. Splash cup measurements provided data on the total mass of splashed material, including its division into the solid phase (soil) and the liquid phase (water), and calculation of the average density of ejected particles (1.31 g·cm−3). An alternative method for particles’ mass calculation, the 2D image analysis method, was calibrated with the results obtained with the splash cup. Based on the input data, three variants of kinetic energy calculation of the splashed material were tested. The variants differed in assumptions and approximations, and it was difficult to determine which was preferable. Taking into account the results from all variants, however, it can be stated that the total kinetic energy of splashed particles in relation to the kinetic energy of a water drop hitting the soil surface ranged between 4.6% and 7.4%. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first report of kinetic energy calculation which takes into account the two-phase nature of splashed material.
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