Abstract
Granular filters retain base material within the narrowest constrictions of their void network. A direct comparison of the base material particle size distribution (PSD) and the filter constriction size distribution (CSD) cannot easily be used to assess filter-base compatibility. Here a conceptually simple random-walk network model using a filter CSD derived from discrete element modelling and base PSD is used to assess filter-base compatibility. Following verification using experimental data the model is applied to assess empirical ratios between filter and base characteristic diameters. The effects of filter density, void connectivity and blocking in the first few filter layers are highlighted.
Highlights
Design issues associated with tapered composite laminates have been comprehensively reviewed in a number of articles [1,2]
With few exceptions [4], such designs generally require a minimum of 4 ply terminations to avoid introducing thermal warping distortions; their inherent mechanical Bending-Twisting coupling characteristics can lead to significant reductions in the compression buckling strength [5]
The results reveal average differences of up to an order of magnitude difference between the number of possible solutions with UD and Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) layers
Summary
Design issues associated with tapered composite laminates have been comprehensively reviewed in a number of articles [1,2]. Recent research has demonstrated that tailored Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) designs, based on 0/45 and 0/-45 architectures, can produce fully uncoupled laminates or laminates with Extension-Shearing and/or Bending-Twisting coupling, and that all have immunity to thermal warping distortion [7]. Non-dimensional parameters allow the extensional and bending stiffness properties to be readily calculated for any fibre/matrix system and angle-ply orientation and provide a compact data set alongside each laminate stacking sequence derived. U is associated with the orthotropy along axes 1 and 2, i.e. parallel and perpendicular to the fibre direction, and UR is a residual term contained in all elements of the stiffness matrices, which maintains square symmetry, as would be expected in balanced fabrics [19,20] or, in the context of the current study, the anti-symmetric angle-ply NCF design:. The ply orientation dependent lamination parameters are related to the nondimensional parameters, used in Eqs (11) and (12), by the following expressions:
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