Abstract
This paper presents a basic active-RC network synthesis technique that results in the implementation of a second-order universal filter providing simultaneously low-pass, bandpass and high-pass output responses. The proposed technique, based on multiple-feedback concepts, simulates a passive R-L-C bandpass prototype under ideal operational-amplifier conditions. Finite operational-amplifier open-loop gain and bandwidth effects arc subsequently investigated through the introduction of parasitic elements to the idealized model. Results provided by this rather intuitive approach arc shown to be in excellent agreement with those of more sophisticated computer-analysis methods. Advantages of the basic technique include versatility, modularity, canonicitiy, low element spreads, low-impedance outputs, low active and passive ω0 and Q sensitivities, ease of tuning, and the capability of generating biquadratie functions for the realization of higher-order filter configurations.
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