Abstract
Environmentally induced heterophylly provides a useful model system for studying the developmental basis of differing leaf shapes. The semiaquatic Ranunculus flabellaris exhibits typical heterophyllous shape variation with change in water level: aerial leaves have short lobes, while lobes of leaves produced underwater are elongate. Submergence in a 25 μM abscisic acid solution (ABA) produces an aerial-like leaf shape. In this morphometric study, x and y coordinates of nine landmarks of leaf outlines were captured from video images, and linear dimensions between the landmarks were used in multigroup principal components analysis as a method to quantify the timing of developmental divergence in leaf shape of plants grown underwater, in air, or in ABA. Shape differences between aerial and water leaves were detected 16 d after leaf emergence, while size differences were not apparent until after 18 d. This developmental pattern represents a very late structural divergence of leaf forms and additionally indicat...
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