Abstract
High morbidity and increase in the number of registrations of breast tumours in dogs, their wide application as biological models, discussion of numerous questions of oncogenesis, and the lack of a uniform/unified methodological approach to the study of molecular and biological mechanisms of treatment of cancer determine the relevance of the problem of cancer both in humans and in our domestic companions. The analysis of publications allowed us to establish the following patterns of carcinogenesis. The peculiarities of the biological behaviour of breast tumours depend on their pathomorphological structure. Genetic predisposition to breast cancer is characteristic only in the single breed aspect. Environmental factors are of critical relevance to carcinogenesis : chemical pollutants initiate oncogenesis indirectly – by altering the expression of several receptors, impaired endocrine balance and direct mutagenic effects. Reproductive status plays a key role in the initiation and progression of breast tumours by reducing the expression of estrogen, progesterone and prolactin receptor genes. The inflammatory response that accompanies the neoplasia process is characterized by increased production of cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), vascular endothelial growth receptors, and impaired hemostatic status (oxidative stress), which promotes progression of disease. In breast cancer in dogs, genomic instability leads to genomic aberrations, and subsequently, mutations that support the proliferation, survival and dissemination of neoplastic cells. The initiation and progression of mammary gland tumours is provided by cancer stem cells by disrupting the regulation of precursor cell self-renewal, which also predispose to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and hormonal cancer therapy. The analysis of the publications revealed the major markers of carcinogenesis that could potentially be used as biological targets for the design of modern diagnostic strategies and high-performance therapeutic protocols.
Highlights
Article infoA modern look at the molecularbiological mechanisms of breast tumours in dogs
Breast neoplasms represent one of the most common oncological diseases, which gives relevance to their research in both human and veterinary medicine (Grüntzig et al, 2016; Bomko et al, 2018; Mysak et al, 2018; Klosova et al, 2019)
Despite the complexity of the cytogenetic study of dog cells, due to the peculiarities of their complete karyotype, the analysis showed the similarity of clonal chromosomal aberrations in humans and dogs, which can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers (Reimann-Berg et al, 2012)
Summary
A modern look at the molecularbiological mechanisms of breast tumours in dogs. High morbidity and increase in the number of registrations of breast tumours in dogs, their wide application as biological models, discussion of numerous questions of oncogenesis, and the lack of a uniform/unified methodological approach to the study of molecular and biological mechanisms of treatment of cancer determine the relevance of the problem of cancer both in humans and in our domestic companions. Reproductive status plays a key role in the initiation and progression of breast tumours by reducing the expression of estrogen, progesterone and prolactin receptor genes. The analysis of the publications revealed the major markers of carcinogenesis that could potentially be used as biological targets for the design of modern diagnostic strategies and high-performance therapeutic protocols
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