Abstract
Along with the increasing share of non-synchronous power sources, the inertia of power systems is being reduced, which can give rise to frequency containment problems should an outage of a generator or a power infeed happen. Low system inertia is eventually unavoidable, thus power system operators need to be prepared for this condition. This paper addresses the problem of low inertia in the power system from two different perspectives. At a system level, it proposes an operation planning methodology, which utilises a combination of power flow and dynamic simulation for calculation of existing inertia and, if need be, synthetic inertia (SI) to fulfil the security criterion of adequate rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). On a device level, it introduces a new concept for active power controller, which can be applied virtually to any power source with sufficient response time to create synthetic inertia. The methodology is demonstrated for a 24 h planning period, for which it proves to be effective. The performance of SI controller activated in a battery energy storage system (BESS) is positively validated using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). Both proposals can effectively contribute to facilitating the operation of low inertia power systems.
Highlights
MotivationFollowing the EU goals for decarbonisation, ENTSO-E has anticipated three possible scenarios for the interconnected European grid of 2050 [1]
For considerable load imbalances this reaction might be too slow, and the frequency might drop to a level where under-frequency protection might be triggered, additional support has to be introduced in order to retain rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) above the required level
This support can be offered by synthetic inertia in a much faster regime, during the inertial response period marked as the red area
Summary
Following the EU goals for decarbonisation, ENTSO-E has anticipated three possible scenarios for the interconnected European grid of 2050 [1] These scenarios foresee high levels of renewable energy resources (RES) in the overall generation mix, ranging from 69 to 82%, and in result high level of demand supply from renewables. Several Implementation Guidance Documents dealing with RoCoF withstand capability [12], inertia in the system [8] and high penetration of inertia-less devices [6] were released by ENTSO-E Some of these recommendations, such as increasing the activation threshold of RoCoF-triggered protection, are already being implemented [13,14], but in general, these documents are the prerequisites that need to be supplemented by proper tools and methodologies supporting the operation of the power system in low inertia conditions
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