A method to visually observe the degradation-diffusion-reconstruction behavior of hydroxyapatite in the bone repair process

Abstract

Nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been applied widely as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering for its good osteoinduction and biodegradability. However, the degradation process and the distribution of degraded HAp within the bone-defect cavity is still not clear. To visually study the behavior of HAp in bone repair process, a membrane of HAp/terbium (Tb)-HAp nanowires (NWs) was prepared with a concentric circle structure (CCS), of which the inner circle and the outer ring were constructed with Tb-HAp and HAp NWs, respectively. HAp/Tb-HAp CCS membrane possessed good osteogenic capacity and efficient fluorescence in the center for visualization. The in vitro experimental results proved that the Tb-HAp and HAp NWs membranes both presented high cytocompatibility and adequate efficiency to induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). HAp/Tb-HAp CCS membranes were then implanted into a rat calvarial bone-defect model to study the behavior of HAp in bone repair process in vivo by tracking the fluorescence distribution. The results showed that the fluorescence of Tb-HAp diffused gradually from the inner circle to the outer ring, which suggested that the HAp was first degraded, and then the degraded product was diffused and finally reconstructed. Further, the histological results proved that the doping of Tb did not impair the promotive effect of HAp on bone repair process. Therefore, this study provided a visual method to observe the degradation-diffusion-reconstruction behavior of HAp nanomaterials in bone repair process. Statement of significanceThe study of dynamic degradation process of implanted hydroxyapatite (HAp) materials in bone-defect cavity is of great significance to bone tissue engineering applications. Here, we designed a HAp/Tb-HAp nanowires (NWs) membrane with concentric circle structure (CCS) to visibly observe the behavior of HAp during bone repair process. HAp/Tb-HAp CCS membrane possessed both osteoinduction ability and fluorescence property. Calvarial bone-defect repair experiments in vivo showed that the fluorescence of Tb-HAp diffused gradually from inner circle to outer ring, which suggested that HAp was first degraded, then diffused and finally reconstructed. Therefore, this invention provides not only a visible method to observe the degradation-diffusion-reconstruction behavior of HAp-based biomaterials, but also a basic understanding of the dynamic change of HAp-based biomaterials.