Abstract
Vernonia fastigiata is a multi-purpose nutraceutical plant with interesting biological properties. However, very little is known about its phytochemical composition and, thus the need for its phytochemical characterization. In the current study, an environmentally friendly method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), was used to extract metabolites from the leaves of V. fastigiata at various temperatures (50 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS) analysis in combination with chemometric methods, particularly principal component analysis (PCA) and liquid/gas chromatography mass spectrometry (XCMS) cloud plots, were used to descriptively visualize the data and identify significant metabolites extracted at various temperatures. A total of 25 different metabolites, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, clovamide, deoxy-clovamide and flavonoids, were noted for the first time in this plant. Overall, an increase in extraction temperature resulted in an increase in metabolite extraction during PHWE. This study is the first scientific report on the phytochemical composition of V. fastigiata, providing insight into the components of the chemo-diversity of this important plant.
Highlights
The genus Vernonia, belonging to the family Asteraceae, is made up of more than a thousand species distributed in the New and Old Worlds [1]
The results of the current study successfully demonstrated pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) as a feasible “greener”
The use of Ultra-high performance performance liquid liquid chromatography chromatography (UHPLC)-MS in combination with cloud plots was employed for the first time to statistically optimize and verify the pharmacological content from the PHWE extracts
Summary
The genus Vernonia, belonging to the family Asteraceae, is made up of more than a thousand species distributed in the New and Old Worlds [1]. & Hiern is a perennial herb 0.1 to 1 m tall and is a basionym for Parapolydora fastigiata [7]. This plant has been said to possess anti-plasmodial [8] and anti-bacterial properties [9].
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