A Low-Power Fast-Settling Bond-Wire Frequency Synthesizer With a Dynamic-Bandwidth Scheme

Abstract

This paper presents a low-power fast-settling phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer working at 1.72–1.74 GHz for a 100 kb/s Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) based transceiver suitable for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. We propose several new techniques for lowering the power consumption in the frequency synthesizer. Resistor-based electro-static discharge protection (ESD-P) and automatic frequency calibration (AFC) are introduced to the bond-wire voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to deal with the inaccuracy of bond-wire inductors and uncertain parasitics. A multi-stage power-scaling scheme is developed for classical phase-switching prescaler. A dynamic-bandwidth scheme is proposed to speed up the settling time and improve the energy efficiency in a time-division WSN system. Implemented in 0.18 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\hbox {m}}$</tex></formula> CMOS technology, the measurement results show that the PLL consumes 10.6 mW under 1.8 V supply voltage and settles within 18 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\hbox {s}}$</tex></formula> including the AFC process. The phase noise is <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex> </formula> 89.8 dBc/Hz@10 kHz and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex> </formula> 119.3 dBc/Hz@1 MHz under receiving (Rx) mode; from receiving (Rx) state to transmitting (Tx) state, the out-band fractional- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$N$</tex></formula> phase noise is increased by 2.7 dB, whereas the in-band noise is lowered by 2.1 dB.