A longitudinal examination of maternal, family, and area-level experiences of racism on children's socioemotional development: Patterns and possible explanations

Laia Bécares,James Nazroo,Yvonne Kelly

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.025

Abstract

The association between experienced racial discrimination and poor health is now well documented, particularly among adult populations. However, longitudinal studies of the association between racism and child health are limited, and evidence on how racial discrimination experienced by members of children's immediate environment impact on child development, and the mechanisms by which this occurs, is scarce. We examined the longitudinal association between maternal, family, and area-level experiences of racial discrimination, and children's socioemotional development. We proposed that exposure to racial discrimination would be detrimental to children's socioemotional development via two mother-centred stress pathways: a worsening in maternal mental health, and an increase in harsh parenting practices. Data on ethnic minority mothers and their children were drawn from waves 3 to 5 (2006–2012) of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Results of longitudinal path analyses show a strong association between maternal and family experiences of racial discrimination in wave 3, and a worsening in mother's mental health in wave 4. Maternal and family experiences of racial discrimination at wave 3 had an indirect effect on children's socioemotional development at wave 5. This occurred mainly via a worsening in mother's mental health, although some events of racial discrimination experienced by the mother and other family members also impacted negatively on children's socioemotional development via an increase in harsh parenting practices. We found a direct effect of maternal and family experiences of racial discrimination on children's socioemotional development. Our findings document the harm of growing up in a racist environment on the socioemotional development of children, and provide some evidence for the role of mother-centred stress mechanisms in linking vicarious exposure to racial discrimination to children's socioemotional development.

Highlights

A central theme in life course theory is that of linked lives (Elder, 1994), which emphasises the interdependence of individual lives within a social network, such as a family, so that changes, events, and stressors occurring in one person's life have consequences for the lives of others around them
The columns indicate the different experiences of racial discrimination, and the rows indicate the different paths in the model
We had proposed two mechanisms by which vicarious exposure to racial discrimination would lead to decrease socioemotional development among children e a worsening in maternal mental health, and an increase in harsh parenting practices

Summary

Introduction

A central theme in life course theory is that of linked lives (Elder, 1994), which emphasises the interdependence of individual lives within a social network, such as a family, so that changes, events, and stressors occurring in one person's life have consequences for the lives of others around them. The mechanisms by which vicarious experiences of racial discrimination are detrimental to children and young people's health and development are poorly understood and merit further examination (Priest et al, 2012). All these studies have been conducted in the United States (US), which has very different contextual characteristics to countries where ethnic diversity is mainly migration-driven, such as the UK. Additional longitudinal studies in countries other than the US are needed in order to understand how vicarious experiences of racism impact on health across different life course stages

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Conclusion