Abstract
Interference and energy holes formation in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) threaten the reliable delivery of data packets from a source to a destination. Interference also causes inefficient utilization of the limited battery power of the sensor nodes in that more power is consumed in the retransmission of the lost packets. Energy holes are dead nodes close to the surface of water, and their early death interrupts data delivery even when the network has live nodes. This paper proposes a localization-free interference and energy holes minimization (LF-IEHM) routing protocol for UWSNs. The proposed algorithm overcomes interference during data packet forwarding by defining a unique packet holding time for every sensor node. The energy holes formation is mitigated by a variable transmission range of the sensor nodes. As compared to the conventional routing protocols, the proposed protocol does not require the localization information of the sensor nodes, which is cumbersome and difficult to obtain, as nodes change their positions with water currents. Simulation results show superior performance of the proposed scheme in terms of packets received at the final destination and end-to-end delay.
Highlights
Overcoming interference and energy holes in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) usually guarantees reliable data transfer from a source to a destination
Underwater routing protocols that involve the mitigation of interference and energy holes are unique for a number of reasons
The novel energy efficient protocol (NEFP) and energy hole repairing-depth-based routing (EHRDBR) protocols were chosen for comparison with the proposed protocol because of their similarity to the proposed protocol
Summary
Anwar Khan 1,2,∗ , Ismail Ahmedy 3,∗ ID , Mohammad Hossein Anisi 4 , Nadeem Javaid 5 , Ihsan Ali 3 ID , Nawsher Khan 6,7 , Mohammed Alsaqer 7 and Hasan Mahmood 1. Received: 2 November 2017; Accepted: 18 December 2017; Published: 9 January 2018
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
