A literature review on the durability of ferrous and non-ferrous geopolymer concrete for sustainable developments

Abstract

The usage of cement in concrete caused the release of CO2 emission which can cause global warming. Moreover, cement as main ingredient can result in depletion or even loss of limestone which serves as a water supplier for farmers. Geopolymer concrete does not use cement but industrial byproducts containing aluminate (Al) and silicate (Si) such as slag, fly ash, and metakaolin. Moreover, these materials are from industrial solid waste (slag) so that it becomes an added value for construction. This paper discusses the durability of geopolymer concrete with material derived from the ferrous and non-ferrous melting processes because of the lack of study in durability. In construction, the concrete durability is the main thing that must be considered. Durability analysis aims to make the concrete last a long time, especially in aggressive environments. It refers to high concentrated CO2 level in an urban area or marine environment that has sodium chloride and sodium sulfate levels. Increasing of non-ferrous content can lower total pore volume in geopolymer binder while the macropores are formed. High-calcium ferrous content addition has pore-enhancing effect. The lower the porosity, the lower the permeability in the concrete. It lowers the water content and compounds such as chloride absorbed in concrete. Chloride and CO2 diffusion can cause carbonation in concrete leading to corrosion in steel reinforcement and shrinkage. This literature study aims to enhance knowledge in concrete durability so building construction can last as the planned period. Hence, the utilization of natural resources as construction material can be more efficient.