Abstract
A laboratory package, aimed at universities and technical institutes in developing countries, has been developed to provide a facility for training in vacuum technology. The package includes the construction and installation of all equipment, provision of a manual of experiments, and assistance in training the staff. The equipment consists of a rotary and diffusion pumped outfit, with numerous accessories, which are used to carry out 20 different experiments dealing with aspects of vacuum production and measurement. It is considered essential that the experiments convey information about widely used present‐day vacuum components and systems. A vacuum system, based on the single‐structure vapor pumping group and associated accessories, was especially designed to meet the requirements. Additional equipment is included to allow for more advanced projects dealing with vacuum applications. Experiments that are discussed fall into the following categories: operation of the rotary vane pump and vapor diffusion pump; vacuum measurement; leak detection techniques; some characteristics of the vacuum system; calibration of vacuum gauges; partial pressure gas analysis; thin film production and the monitoring of film thickness and evaporation rate; thin film preparation for electronic and optical applications; techniques for preparing electron microscopy specimens and freeze drying.
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